This is because most of the power (financial and. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. /F2 9 0 R Historical experience 3.2 2. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Asst. Federalism in India. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. (Tanzi, 1996). a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. 6 0 obj Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. History of federal system of government in nigeria. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. >> The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. 4 0 obj Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? Rt. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. /F7 24 0 R Payment Details. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. 2. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. All rights reserved. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. Hon. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. /Font << Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. /Filter /DCTDecode All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. /Height 235 Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . /F4 15 0 R Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. /Resources << 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). /F6 21 0 R As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Adobe d C Population of the country *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Your email address will not be published. Power Sharing Formula Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. /Parent 2 0 R Your email address will not be published. /Width 371 Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. 74 . Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. endobj Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. >> Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. >> However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. I love this article,very educating and interesting Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. /Filter /FlateDecode Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. 3 0 obj 2023, Bscholarly LLC. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. /Subtype /Image Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends.
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