Here, we attempt to alleviate ambiguity by building our research around a list of ethical issues compiled from 22 major guidelines of AI ethics (Hagendorff, Citation2020). We refer to accountability in broad terms, thus encompassing closely related concepts, such as responsibility and liability. Our assumption will be that if you dont call and dont show up for work, youre a jerk.. The stock price now trades at about $800 per share, so the critics have somewhat relented. Dozens of companies are testing self-driving cars in California. Theres not much reason to think Tesla wont sail through these most recent storms like it has all the others before. Musk also attacks the local public health officer, Dr Erica Pan, calling her unelected and ignorant. The final list of 21 ethical issues can be found in Figure 1. I write actionable interview, career and salary advice. It forked out a sum of nearly $140,000 at that time. Could companies program their cars to favor their customers when faced with perilous choices? Forced, prison, bonded, indentured, or slavery, and all forms of human trafficking, are all improper because they abuse workers who cannot assent to their deeds (Baffour-Awuah, 2020). Regarding the recent Glencore deal, Gallagher said acquiring more cobalt from the company "seems to be inconsistent with their messaging around reducing their use of cobalt, and what we want to see is stronger implementation of human rights.". As a company at the cutting edge of transportation and energy innovation, the company functionsby the principles of hard work, amazing performance, integrity, and fair treatment. Trust and business-related considerations may not be the only reasons for the prevalence of safety considerations in the AV reports. More specifically, the findings in this research suggest that: (i) given the plethora of ethical issues addressed in the reports, autonomous driving companies seem to be aware of and engaged in the ethics of autonomous driving technology; (ii) scientific literature and industry reports prioritise safety and cybersecurity; (iii) scientific and industry communities agree that AVs will not eliminate the risk of accidents; (iv) scientific literature on AV technology ethics is dominated by discussions about the trolley problem; (v) moral dilemmas resembling trolley cases are not addressed in industry reports but there are nuanced allusions that unravel underlying concerns about these extreme traffic situations; (vi) autonomous driving companies have different approaches with respect to the authority of remote operators; and (vii) companies seem invested in a lowest liability risk design strategy relying on rules and regulations, expedite investigations, and crash/collision avoidance algorithms. But that wasnt the end of the battle. We found several statements in the industry reports that allow us to further reflect on the approach of the industry with respect to accountability. The most important thing, according to the handbook, is that it's everyones job to help make the company successful. There are unsettled considerations about the acceptable safety and cybersecurity levels of AVs, both in mundane and extreme situations, in order to secure the well-being of users and other traffic agents (Kalra & Paddock, Citation2016; Parkinson, Ward, Wilson, & Miller, Citation2017; Sparrow & Howard, Citation2017). Extreme traffic situations are unexpected occurrences in the traffic environment which entail danger for vehicle occupants and other traffic agents (e.g. Anyone can read what you share. Elon Musk v public health: a timeline of the Tesla factory standoff Can you program ethics into a self-driving car? A combination of contextual analysis and text mining techniques was employed to select statements signalling AV-related ethical considerations within the industry reports. When designing a crash collision algorithm, a manufacturer is assumed to face three options while balancing ethics and liability: (i) program an algorithm to swerve in a direction that would sacrifice fewer lives but would entail high liability due to compensatory and punitive damages for intentional conduct caused by targeting the sacrificed people; (ii) allow the AV to run its course which would entail a larger number of lives sacrificed but lower liability which would then be restricted to compensatory damages; and (iii) avoid a collision, which if successful, entails that no lives are sacrificed but if unsuccessful, entails the largest number of lives sacrificed, but in either case entails the lowest liability (Wu, Citation2019). One of the women, Jessica Brooks, said she had to stack boxes around her desk in order to create a physical barrier that would stop her co-workers from whistling at her. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Ethical issues in focus by the autonomous vehicles industry, Engineering Systems & Services, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Dataset Ethical Issues in Focus by the Autonomous Vehicles Industry, Autonomous vehicles: Challenges, opportunities, and future implications for transportation policies, Autonomous vehicles require socio-political acceptance An empirical and philosophical perspective on the problem of moral decision making, Life and death decisions of autonomous vehicles, The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles, The trolley, the bull bar, and why engineers should care about the ethics of autonomous cars [point of view], Self-driving cars: Ethical responsibilities of design engineers, Self-driving cars and engineering ethics: The need for a system level analysis, Institute of Transportation Studies & Policy Institute for Energy, Environment, and the Economy, Responsibility and the moral phenomenology of using self-driving cars, Artificial intelligence, responsibility attribution, and a relational justification of explainability, Privacy implications and liability issues of autonomous vehicles, Autonomous vehicles and avoiding the trolley (dilemma): vehicle perception, classification, and the challenges of framing decision ethics, Regulating autonomous systems: Beyond standards, From here to autonomy: Lessons learned from humanautomation research, When AI ethics goes astray: A case study of autonomous vehicles, Incorporating ethics into artificial intelligence, Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations, Autonomous vehicles' disengagements: Trends, triggers, and regulatory limitations, Examining accident reports involving autonomous vehicles in California, Public health, ethics, and autonomous vehicles, What does matter? Covid-19 remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States, tied to about 250 deaths daily, on average, mostly among the old and immunocompromised. I would suggest that people will expect self-driving cars to be damn near perfect. Heres a handy timeline of what led up to Musks meltdown May: On the day that global confirmed cases of Covid-19 surpass 100,000, Musk declares on Twitter: The coronavirus panic is dumb. The tweet sets the tone for Musks approach toward the deadly pandemic, repeatedly downplaying the risk of the virus and opposing public health measures. Tesla's current, level-two Autopilot requires the driver to remain alert and ready to act, with hands on the wheel. Nonetheless, two Tesla workers say they received termination notices alleging a failure to return to work after they opted to take unpaid leave to protect themselves and their family members when the factory restarted production the second week of May. Regarding the solutions proposed by industry to address extreme traffic situations, we report for now that companies rely on radars and speed limitation to address the problem of blind spots which are often at the root of these traffic situations. However, according to a 2019 Guardian article Tesla was also listed as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by a human rights firm on behalf of 14 parents and children from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). As evidence of its concern that suppliers operate cleanly, Tesla officials note that the core of its mission involves improving the environment and that it has taken steps to make sure that the. Workers periodically sanitize equipment, particularly after breaks, but theres little enforcement and we hardly do that, the worker said. Some pool into an outdoor tent where they assemble cars. Specifically, the EPA is seeking details about how Tesla handles "surface coating" of its vehicles. Coordination over different technical approaches to these traffic situations is crucial to ensure safety but it is unclear how such technological coordination can be facilitated in the competitive AV market (Himmelreich, Citation2018). The empirical findings reported in the literature are also quite controversial, as they reveal potential challenges in adapting societal expectations to moral decision-making driving algorithms (Kallioinen et al., Citation2019). and (ii) What are the solutions proposed by industry to address extreme traffic situations? We first reviewed the scientific literature, with the aim of outlining the AV ethics debates, by identifying the ethical issues prioritised by the scientific community and the main empirical findings. Among the reports twenty propositions, one stands out: In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited.. The New Yorker suggests that decisions made by Germany will reverberate beyond its borders. Musk unleashes another rant during Teslas quarterly earnings call with investors, declaring public health measures fascist and demanding: Give people back their goddamn freedom.. Figure 1. The three issues we explored above regarding the transition of responsibility in higher order levels of automation, the liability and technology development argument, and the liability dilemma can be further investigated within the industry narratives by considering the design strategies with respect to accountability. In the Nuro report Delivering Safety: Nuro's Approach, it is stated that, in the unlikely case of a Nuro shuttle ever encountering an unavoidable collision scenario the driverless passengerless vehicle has the unique opportunity to prioritise the safety of humans, other road users, and occupied vehicles over its contents (Nuro, Citation2018). The disputes in the literature about the AV trolley problem are mainly related to premises (iv) regarding the relevance of the trolley problem in the AV context and (v) regarding the merits of different approaches to assist AVs in moral decision-making in extreme traffic situations. The ethics discussions associated with AVs which are documented in the scientific literature have mainly revolved around extreme traffic situations depicted as moral dilemmas, i.e. Since learning of the cases, some workers say theyve been beset by fear of coming down with covid-19. We started by creating lexicons, i.e.
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