Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. VAT reg no 816865400. Boston House, This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The war was going badly for England. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Topic guides / The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Boston Spa, Company Reg no: 04489574. Spanish invasion plans. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. 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She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . 14-16 / Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. 214 High Street, Copy. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Foreign Affairs. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Write a paragraph or two. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Manage Settings LS23 6AD [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. From there we will look at the career . France was at war with England and Spain. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. 214 High Street, It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Elizabeth I: a biography. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Died: 24 March 1603. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Use your outline By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Become a Member | Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. 214 High Street, Best Answer. VAT reg no 816865400. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. West Yorkshire, This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. . These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Why religious compromise was so difficult. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. - rebelling of scottish lords. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. migration? In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Those who refused this were sent to prison. - navy to firth of Forth. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . First English colony in Virginia established. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. 1. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Spouse: None. Boston Spa, The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. . The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. - send 2000 to rebels. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. 2) This war was not a success. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. LS23 6AD To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes.
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