The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. Correspondence to In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. Semino et al. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. . Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. Herein . We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Its age is between 7,700 and . So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Peter A Underhill. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. CAS Google Scholar. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a.
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