June 7, 2022 1 Views. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. d. aggression. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. - Course Hero Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. ethnocentrism.d. The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. . In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? (1974). Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Psychology questions and answers. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates: They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? The firm does the following: b. Frontiers | Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. b. egocentrism.c. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). hide 31 types. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. 97 terms. Psychology- CH. 11 intergroup relations Flashcards | Quizlet Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Intergroup bias. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. self-worth. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . 2022. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. b. the mere exposure effect. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. What Is the Negativity Bias? - Verywell Mind Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). Duverger's law - Wikipedia The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. a. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). d. deindividuation. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. A) mirror-image perceptions. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Impact. This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. a. cognitive dissonance. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. (Extremes). In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). c. deindividuation. The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. -cies. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. Module 43 Questions Flashcards | Quizlet 1. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. b. implicit prejudice. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Aggression Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery.
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