Ancient South Arabia was centred on what is now modern Yemen but included parts of Saudi Arabia and southern Oman. [34] This single line of evidence being taken as virtual proof of the identification of the Burney Relief with "Lilith" may have been motivated by later associations of "Lilith" in later Jewish sources. Enkidu, friend of Gilgamesh created by Anu, leaps upon the bull and provides Gilgamesh with the opportunity to thrust his sword into it. Requiar used it to slay 30 other archwizards and conquer Shadowtop Borough. A stele of the Assyrian king ami-Adad V (c.815 BCE), making obeisance to the symbols of five deities, including (top) the horned crown of Anu (BM 118892, photo (c) The British Museum). Alabaster. Overall, Anu of the Akkadians was originally called An by the Sumerians, who lived in ancient Mesopotamia, or modern-day Iraq. Male and female gods alike wear it. However, the shallow relief of the cylinder seal entails that figures are shown in profile; therefore, the symmetry is usually not perfect. The figure's face has damage to its left side, the left side of the nose and the neck region. Anu is mentioned here: "On the hill of Heaven-and-Earth, when Anu had created the Anuna gods there was no grain, no weaving, no sheep, no goat, no cloth; even the names of these things were unknown to the Anuna and the great gods ", Another clay tablet from similar time periods mentions Anu as being responsible for bringing grain out of heaven: "Men used to eat grass with their mouths like sheep. A narrative context depicts an event, such as the investment of a king. Die Optionen unten ermglichen Ihnen den Export the current entry in eine einfache Textdatei oder Ihren Zitierungsmanager. This fragment of cuneiform recounts a portion of the flood story. However, no traces of yellow pigment now remain on the relief. This necklace is virtually identical to the necklace of the god found at Ur, except that the latter's necklace has three lines to a square. [citationneeded] People and creatures who had remained dedicated to Myrkul, or who had become dedicated to him following his demise, devoted themselves to him through the Crown of Horns by touching it and were known as Horned Harbingers. His animal is the bull. Der abgedeckte Zeitraum umfat das 4. bis 1. Iraq's indigenous owls without ear-tufts include the. "[13] Therefore, Ur is one possible city of origin for the relief, but not the only one: Edith Porada points out the virtual identity in style that the lion's tufts of hair have with the same detail seen on two fragments of clay plaques excavated at Nippur. Mesopotamian mythology and Mesopotamian deities explain the origins of Sumer. A year later Frankfort (1937) acknowledged Van Buren's examples, added some of his own and concluded "that the relief is genuine". E. von der Osten-Sacken describes evidence for a weakly developed but nevertheless existing cult for Ereshkigal; she cites aspects of similarity between the goddesses Ishtar and Ereshkigal from textual sources for example they are called "sisters" in the myth of "Inanna's descent into the nether world" and she finally explains the unique doubled rod-and-ring symbol in the following way: "Ereshkigal would be shown here at the peak of her power, when she had taken the divine symbols from her sister and perhaps also her identifying lions".[43]. The Crown of Horns was an evil, intelligent artifact of great power. Mesopotamian Gods Mythology & History | Who is Anu? | Study.com [3] The composition as a whole is unique among works of art from Mesopotamia, even though many elements have interesting counterparts in other images from that time. He had his own cult center, Esagi, but its location is presently unknown. Moulded plaque, Eshnunna, early 2nd. "[42] No further supporting evidence was given by Porada, but another analysis published in 2002 comes to the same conclusion. Ishtar threatens humans with drought and death. The Trustees of the British Museum, Daily: 10.0017.00 (Fridays: 20.30) Half of the necklace is missing and the symbol of the figure held in her right hand; the owls' beaks are lost and a piece of a lion's tail. representations of the gods show them in human form but wearing a horned crown or helmet. 22 editions. Similar images have been found on a number of plaques, on a vase from Larsa, and on at least one cylinder seal; they are all from approximately the same time period. Anu does offer immortality to Adapa, however. 4-52, Part I) 3. It was a small cylinder (approximately 2cm high and 3cm diameter) made of shell, bone, faience, or a variety of stones, on which a scene was carved in mirror image. Tiamat warns Enki, who decides to put Apsu into a sleep, ultimately killing him. horned crown mesopotamia - Neworleansrentalcars.com The oldest cuneiform tablets do not mention Anu's origins. Blessing genie, about 716BCE. [nb 9] Distinctly patterned tufts of hair grow from the lion's ears and on their shoulders, emanating from a central disk-shaped whorl. Adapa is the king of Eridu. There are no certain anthropomorphic representations of An/Anu. This story is included in the prologue of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Ishtar then begs Anu for the Bull of Heaven to destroy Gilgamesh. Initially, the lives of humans and animals were comfortable. [3], The Crown of Horns was originally designed by the Netherese archwizard Trebbe, the founder of the flying Netherese enclave Shadowtop Borough. ", In 2008/9 the relief was included in exhibitions on Babylon at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, the Louvre in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[47]. Metropolitan Museum of Art 40.156. - opens in a modal which shows a larger image and a caption, https://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/trade/the-standard-of-ur.html. The first Mesopotamians, the Sumerians, believed in a different god than the one in the bible. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Anu is commonly represented or depicted with the symbol of the bull, especially by the Akkadians and Babylonians. I feel like its a lifeline. Enki's son, Marduk, steps forward and offers himself to be elected king. The logogram d60 is also a learned writing for Anu. Reading the Horned Crown - JSTOR Wood, gold leaf, lapis lazuli and shell. Moses Grew Horns. Room 55 traces the history of Babylonia under the Kassites and the growth of the Babylonian state. A story of a deluge or catastrophic flood is reported by the Sumerians on a tablet found in Nippur. The horned crown usually four-tiered is the most general symbol of a deity in Mesopotamian art. Lines have been scratched into the surface of the ankle and toes to depict the scutes, and all visible toes have prominent talons. horned crown mesopotamia. Opens a pop-up detailing how to access wechat. Goddess representation in Egyptian monuments: in this triad the Egyptian goddess Hathor (left) and the nome goddess Bat (right) lead Pharaoh Menkaura (middle). In Sumerian texts of the third millennium the goddess Ura is his consort; later this position was taken by Ki, the personification of earth, and in Akkadian texts by Antu, whose name is probably derived from his own. Nabu wears . Im Rezensionsteil liegt das Schwergewicht auf Monographien. Compte-rendu de la these de doctorat d'Iris Furlong Divine headdresses of Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic period (BAR International Series, Oxford, 1987), presentant les resultats de ses recherhces sur la typologie, l'iconographie et la repartition regionale et chronologique des cornes et couronnes a cornes utilisees comme attributs des divinites de la periode du Dynastique Archaique en Mesopotamie. An was the god of the sky, and eventually viewed as the Father of the Gods and personally responsible for the heavens. These represented natural features, the forces of nature and the heavenly bodies. Anu is included in the Sumerian creation myth or story of the origin of Earth and humanity. [4], Once every ten days the wearer of this crown could teleport without error. Le riviste accademiche sono quattro e nelle prestigiose collane le tematiche riguardano La Bibbia, Diritto Canonico, Missiologia, Studi del Vicino Oriente Antico, Psicologia, Culture e Religioni, Spiritualit, Storia Ecclesiastica, Teologia. Divine Kingship in MesopotaMia, a Fleeting phenoMenon 263 successors, so we can't say if divine kingship was expressed visually in the Ur iii period by portraying the ruler wearing a horned crown.14 What were the perks of divine kings? ), the religious, legal, economic and social history of the Ancient Near East and Egypt, as well as the Near Eastern Archeology and art history. In Akkadian he is Anu, written logographically as dAN, or spelled syllabically, e.g. Her eyes, beneath distinct, joined eyebrows, are hollow, presumably to accept some inlaying material a feature common in stone, alabaster, and bronze sculptures of the time,[nb 4] but not seen in other Mesopotamian clay sculptures. This makes Anu one of the original Mesopotamian deities, and nearly as old as Mesopotamian civilization itself! In the beginning it consists of a circlet or a simple cap, onto which a pair of cow's horns is fixed. [citation needed] In its original form this crown was a helmet made of electrum and fully covered with small horns, and a row of black . Otherwise, Anu is seen as the Father in a religious trinity or tripartite with Enlil and Enki. Mesopotamia | British Museum The god Enlil, who was a god of air and who also granted kings their authority, came to replace Anu in some places by the end of the second millennium BCE. Two wings with clearly defined, stylized feathers in three registers extend down from above her shoulders. It's worth noting that the stories of Marduk's ascension to power were written around the same time that Babylon itself was becoming the most powerful city of Mesopotamia. Rather, it seems plausible that the main figures of worship in temples and shrines were made of materials so valuable they could not escape looting during the many shifts of power that the region saw. A typical representation of a 3rd millenniumBCE Mesopotamian worshipper, Eshnunna, about 2700BCE. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Dal 1913 G e B Press pubblica libri e periodici che riflettono la missione affidata al Pontificio Istituto Biblico e alla Pontificia Universit Gregoriana. Compared with how important religious practice was in Mesopotamia, and compared to the number of temples that existed, very few cult figures at all have been preserved. [1] The relief was first brought to public attention with a full-page reproduction in The Illustrated London News, in 1936. In the beginning it consists of a circlet or a simple cap, onto which a pair of cow's horns is fixed. Initially in the possession of a Syrian dealer, who may have acquired the plaque in southern Iraq in 1924, the relief was deposited at the British Museum in London and analysed by Dr. H.J. 14. Kings often wanted to emulate the characteristics of Anu and his powerful role. The only other surviving large image from the time: top part of the Code of Hammurabi, c.1760BCE. Moreover, examples of this motif are the only existing examples of a nude god or goddess; all other representations of gods are clothed. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Regardless, this gave him the ability to position himself pretty well in the cosmos. They lie prone; their heads are sculpted with attention to detail, but with a degree of artistic liberty in their form, e.g., regarding their rounded shapes. In the second millennium BCE, Anu becomes a regular feature of most Mesopotamian myths, although interestingly, he doesn't do much. The breasts are full and high, but without separately modelled nipples. If so, it must be Liltu [] the demon of an evil wind", named ki-sikil-lil-la[nb 16] (literally "wind-maiden" or "phantom-maiden", not "beautiful maiden", as Kraeling asserts). However, Ea seems to deceive Adapa from accepting it, and subsequently keeping immortality from the humans. According to the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament, Nebuchadnezzar erected a huge golden statue and made his subjects worship it on bended knee. - Definition & Role in Society, Theories on the Origins of Religion: Overview, Prehistoric Religion and the Early Mother Goddess, Religions of Sumer and Akkad: Definition & History, What Are the Myths of Babylon? [20] According to Jacobsen: In contrast, the British Museum does acknowledge the possibility that the relief depicts either Lilith or Ishtar, but prefers a third identification: Ishtar's antagonist and sister Ereshkigal, the goddess of the underworld. 1st bioengineered hybrid animals discovered in ancient Mesopotamia However, Sumerian texts identify a deity called Enkimudu, meaning "Enki has created.". The extraordinary survival of the figure type, though interpretations and cult context shifted over the intervening centuries, is expressed by the cast terracotta funerary figure of the 1st century BCE, from Myrina on the coast of Mysia in Asia Minor, where it was excavated by the French School at Athens, 1883; the terracotta is conserved in the Muse du Louvre (illustrated left). The HC that developed in the following period, with horns tapering to points and having several pairs of inward-turned horns one on top of another, is represented until well into the. A stele of the Assyrian king ami-Adad V (c.815 BCE), making obeisance to the symbols of five deities, including (top) the horned crown of Anu (BM 118892, photo (c) The British Museum). [4], Detailed descriptions were published by Henri Frankfort (1936),[1] by Pauline Albenda (2005),[5] and in a monograph by Dominique Collon, former curator at the British Museum, where the plaque is now housed. They lived in the areas surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq.. In one creation myth, Anu's power is passed to Enlil, and then later to Enki's son Marduk. Later he is regarded as the son of Anar and Kiar, as in the first millennium creation epic Enma eli (Tablet I, 11-14). War erupts. of the horned crown and its meaning.1 Contents: 1. Many of the legends include mentioning that the noise or difficulties of humans leads to them to annoying Anu, and sometimes Enlil. 16x24. Objects in Rooms 5759 highlight the indigenous origins of the Israelites and the Phoenicians. Want to Read. Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia.pdf - Cliffsnotes.com Tiamat is angered by Enki and disowns all the younger gods and raises an army of demons to kill them. 1943 GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press This may be an attempt to link the deities to the power of nature. Some general statements can be made, however. At around the same time, Anu features for the first time in Assyrian royal inscriptions; ami-Adad I (ca. Forgotten Realms Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. The HC that developed in the following period, with horns tapering to points and having several pairs of inward-turned horns one on top of another, is represented until well into the. He is a wild man whom Gilgamesh defeats and befriends. This role seems to be able to be passed down. Spread wings are part of one type of representation for Ishtar. [25] In all instances but one, the frontal view, nudity, wings, and the horned crown are features that occur together; thus, these images are iconographically linked in their representation of a particular goddess. Despite Enlil's symbol having been a horned crown, no horns can be seen in this instance although that is likely to be a result of thousands of years of damage . An example of elaborate Sumerian sculpture: the "Ram in a Thicket", excavated in the royal cemetery of Ur by Leonard Woolley and dated to about 26002400BCE. Indus-Mesopotamia relations - Wikipedia Im Rezensionsteil liegt das Schwergewicht auf Monographien. However, by the mid-third millennium he is definitely attested in the Fara god-list, and in the name of the 27th-century king of Ur, Mesanepada ("Young man, chosen by An"), who also dedicated a bead "to the god An, his lord" (Frayne 2008: E1.13.5.1). The motif originated as a curved goat's horn filled to overflowing with fruit and grain. Size: 12x18 . 236 lessons. [21] The Burney Relief is comparatively plain, and so survived. The horned crown is a symbol of divinity, and the fact that it is four-tiered suggests one of the principal gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon; Inanna was the only goddess that was associated with lions. That was an especially difficult task because wild asses could run faster than donkeys and even kungas, and were impossible to tame, she said. If the verb does come from the noun, then qran suggests that Moses' face was "horned" in some fashion. Motifs of horned gods in antiquities are abundant in ancient civilizations, but most motifs of horned gods have been seen in Mesopotamian and Iranian antiquities, especially in the regions of Susa, Shahdad and Kerman. He cites the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh as a source that such "creatures are inhabitants of the land of the dead". Often kings are depicted in Mesopotamian art wearing Anu's crown. KK Reddy and Associates is a professionally managed firm. Sumer, known as the "land of the kings", was founded in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) between 4500 and 4000 BCE. Subsequently, the British Museum performed thermoluminescence dating which was consistent with the relief being fired in antiquity; but the method is imprecise when samples of the surrounding soil are not available for estimation of background radiation levels. Create an account to start this course today. [9], In its dimensions, the unique plaque is larger than the mass-produced terracotta plaques popular art or devotional items of which many were excavated in house ruins of the Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods. Objects found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur in southern Iraq are of particular importance, including tombs, skeletons, jewellery, pottery and musical instruments that were excavated on behalf of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Clicking Export to Refworks will open a new window, or an existing window if Refworks is open already. Consequently, his major roles are as an authority figure, decision-maker and progenitor. The figure was initially identified as a depiction of Ishtar (Inanna)[nb 15][2] but almost immediately other arguments were put forward: The identification of the relief as depicting "Lilith" has become a staple of popular writing on that subject. 2112-2095 BCE) built a garden and shrine for him at Ur [~/images/Ur.jpg]. Old Babylonian period. Akkadian writings of Anu seem to fill in some gaps missing about An from weathered Sumerians artifacts. Of the three levels of heaven in Mesopotamian mythology, Anu lived in the highest one. Symmetric compositions are common in Mesopotamian art when the context is not narrative. The bird-feet are detailed,[nb 8] with three long, well-separated toes of approximately equal length. Explore the gallery using Google Street View and see if you can find the famous Standard of Ur. ", This myth, also called the "Myth of Cattle and Grain," is a Sumerian creation myth written on clay tablets which date to somewhere within the 3rd millennium BC (or 3000 to 2001 BC). No other examples of owls in an iconographic context exist in Mesopotamian art, nor are there textual references that directly associate owls with a particular god or goddess. [nb 10] Their plumage is colored like the deity's wings in red, black and white; it is bilaterally similar but not perfectly symmetrical. It is frequently depicted on cylinder seals and steles, where it is always held by a god usually either Shamash, Ishtar, and in later Babylonian images also Marduk and often extended to a king. Joseph Comunale obtained a Bachelor's in Philosophy from UCF before becoming a high school science teacher for five years. The Stele of Ur-Nammu represented Nannar, the Moon- god, with a crescent balanced on the knob of his tiara (6). According to Thorkild Jacobsen, that shrine could have been located inside a brothel.[20]. The Standard of Ur But holy Inanna cried. "[33] The earlier translation implies an association of the demon Lilith with a shrieking owl and at the same time asserts her god-like nature; the modern translation supports neither of these attributes. Sumerian an means "heaven, sky", and An can therefore be seen as the personified heavens. He was a relatively minor player in most stories; he was seen rather as a figure focused on the heavens and detached from the world of humans. The earliest texts make no reference to An's origins. There, the king opposes a god, and both are shown in profile. The period covered covers the 4th to 1st millennium BC. As the head is uppermost and imminently visible it is thereby ideal when seeking to make a strong social, Through published works and in the classroom, Irene Winter served as a mentor for the latest generation of scholars of Mesopotamian visual culture. [2] But stylistic doubts were published only a few months later by D. Opitz who noted the "absolutely unique" nature of the owls with no comparables in all of Babylonian figurative artefacts. He assists Gilgamesh in subduing the Bull of Heaven. [16] Cities like Nippur and Isin would have had on the order of 20,000 inhabitants and Larsa maybe 40,000; Hammurabi's Babylon grew to 60,000 by 1700BCE. The Sumerians describe him as the embodiment of the sky which can come to Earth in human form. With this distinguished role, Anu held the venerated position of being head of the Anunnaki, or the pantheon of gods. These symbols were the focus of a communication by Pauline Albenda (1970) who again questioned the relief's authenticity. In later texts the crown of the Moon-god is compared to the moon (J7). [nb 6], Her wings are spread to a triangular shape but not fully extended. Both owls have one more feather on the right-hand side of their plumage than on the left-hand side. [nb 14] Many examples have been found on cylinder seals. Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire For a while after the fall of the Akkadians, . Her toes are extended down, without perspective foreshortening; they do not appear to rest upon a ground line and thus give the figure an impression of being dissociated from the background, as if hovering.[5]. Ancient Mesopotamian Cosmology and Mythology psicoticismo ejemplos /  cheap houses for rent in johnston county, nc / horned crown mesopotamia; horned crown mesopotamia . 300 to 500 years earlier, the population for the whole of Mesopotamia was at its all-time high of about 300,000. Der abgedeckte Zeitraum umfat das 4. bis 1. Color: Poster . Horned crown Brill - BrillOnline In creating a religious object, the sculptor was not free to create novel images: the representation of deities, their attributes and context were as much part of the religion as the rituals and the mythology. First print edition: 9789004122598, 20110510. He worked to unite the people of his . In concluding Collon states: "[Edith Porada] believed that, with time, a forgery would look worse and worse, whereas a genuine object would grow better and better. The Old Babylonian composition Gilgame, Enkidu and the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.8.1.4) refers to the primeval division of the universe in which An received the heavens (lines 11-12), and we see him ruling from here in the flood poem Atrahasis. Crown of Horns | Forgotten Realms Wiki | Fandom Sacral text was usually written in, Lowell K. Handy article Lilith Anchor Bible Dictionary, Bible Review Vol 17 Biblical Archaeology Society - 2001 "LILITH? The topic of divine kingship in Mesopotamia, and in the Ur III period (ca. ), which could be filled with whatever the owner wished. [nb 13] To the east, Elam with its capital Susa was in frequent military conflict with Isin, Larsa and later Babylon. 1). 8x12. 2112-2004 B.C. The cities of Der, Lagas and Ur also had important temples, shrines or gardens dedicated to Anu. Lions are chiefly associated with Ishtar or with the male gods Shamash or Ningirsu. The fabrication of religious imagery might have been done by specialized artisans: large numbers of smaller, devotional plaques have been excavated that were fabricated in molds. In heaven he allots functions to other gods, and can increase their status at will; in the Sumerian poem Inana and Ebih (ETCSL 1.3.2), Inana claims that "An has made me terrifying throughout heaven" (l.66). Religion in Mesopotamia was a highly localized . Burney Relief - Wikipedia [5] Edith Porada, the first to propose this identification, associates hanging wings with demons and then states: "If the suggested provenience of the Burney Relief at Nippur proves to be correct, the imposing demonic figure depicted on it may have to be identified with the female ruler of the dead or with some other major figure of the Old Babylonian pantheon which was occasionally associated with death. Gods and Goddesses - Mesopotamia And the lamassu and gods wore them on their helms in visual artwork, as well. The god Aur always retained his pre-eminent position in the Assyrian pantheon, but later kings also sometimes invoked Anu as a source of support or legitimacy. [7] The British Museum's Department of Scientific Research reports, "it would seem likely that the whole plaque was moulded" with subsequent modelling of some details and addition of others, such as the rod-and-ring symbols, the tresses of hair and the eyes of the owls. In 342DR, another archwizard, Shenandra, was working on countering the lifedrain magic of the phaerimm at the same time. Depicting an anthropomorphic god as a naturalistic human is an innovative artistic idea that may well have diffused from Egypt to Mesopotamia, just like a number of concepts of religious rites, architecture, the "banquet plaques", and other artistic innovations previously. No. Traces of red pigment still remain on the figure's body that was originally painted red overall. The lower register of the right wing breaks the white-red-black pattern of the other three registers with a white-black-red-black-white sequence. Anu is also called the Sky Father, and the King of the Gods. Orientalia Anu volunteers to speak with Tiamat and try to resolve the issue. While the Sumerians called him An, the Akkadians later adopted him as a god in 2735 BCE and called him Anu. Request Permissions, Review by: Her full lips are slightly upturned at the corners. [citation needed] Forged by Trebbe, a Netherese arcanist, and later enhanced by Myrkul, the former god of Death,[citation needed] it carried with it a long history of corruption and tragedy. The Gold of Mesopotamia 100 Euro Gold Coin [1], In 644DR, the Crown was finally rediscovered by the archwizard Shadelorn. Anu is described as the god of Uruk, the city to which Gilgamesh is king. [32] This ki-sikil-lil is an antagonist of Inanna (Ishtar) in a brief episode of the epic of Gilgamesh, which is cited by both Kraeling and Frankfort as further evidence for the identification as Lilith, though this appendix too is now disputed. [18], The size of the plaque suggests it would have belonged in a shrine, possibly as an object of worship; it was probably set into a mud-brick wall. Alla (Mesopotamian god) - Wikipedia After the insensate arcanist was overthrown, his killers searched for the Crown but despite powerful divinations, a thorough search of the city, and many parties of adventurers scouring the Eastern Forest over the next 150 years, they failed to find it. . [17] A well-developed infrastructure and complex division of labour is required to sustain cities of that size. 2000-1595 BCE) a Sumerian prayer to An asks him to protect the kingship of Rim-Sin, king of Ur (ETCSL 2.6.9.3) and several royal hymns to An survive (ETCSL 2.4.4.5, an unfortunately fragmentary adab to An for u-Suen; ETCSL 2.5.5.3, an adab to An for Lipit-Itar; ETCSL 2.5.6.5, an adab to An for Ur-Ninurta). Deity representation on Assyrian relief. By Raman spectroscopy the red pigment is identified as red ochre, the black pigment, amorphous carbon ("lamp black") and the white pigment gypsum. However, during the fifth century BCE Anu's cult enjoyed a revival at Uruk, and ritual texts describing the involvement of his statue in the local akitu festival survive from the Seleucid period (e.g., TCL 6, 39; TCL 6, 40; BRM 4, 07).
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