Van Meurss bibliography conveys the great variety of Jungian writings on literature even within one language, the increasingly recognized potential for further development and use of Jungs ideas, and the growth in numbers of literary scholars falling under the influence of Jung. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. Further, myth critics, aligned with writers in comparative anthropology and philosophy, are said to include Frazer, Jessie Weston, Leslie Fiedler, Ernst Cassirer, Claude Lvi-Strauss, Richard Chase, Joseph Campbell, Philip Wheelwright, and Francis Fergusson. what is wrong with franklin baby on tiktok. Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. (2023). This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. An equal case can be made that Iago here completes his role as Vice, borrowed from the medieval morality plays, sealing the Faustian bargain for Othellos soul in this mock or black marriage scene. Other forms previously labeled Jungian are here subsumed under the term archetypal because whatever their immediate specific focus, these forms operate on a set of assumptions derived from Jung and accept the depth-psychological structure posited by Jung. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. 2. He is a character of high stature that is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. Archetypal Literary Criticism. . "Othello", by William Shakespeare, is a story of jealousy's potential to manipulate thoughts and eventually lead to ultimate demise. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. 125-126). Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. Othello, being a hero, enjoys a good reputation and has notable qualities. Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism through the theories of psychologist C. G. Jung and literary theorist Northrop Frye. Literary Critics on Othello. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. Frye's work helped displace New Criticism as the major mode of analyzing literary texts . Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. As the play progresses, and Iagos plan culminates, Othellos good fortune begins to turn. No products in the cart. Othello decides the only way to right his wrong is to take his own life. By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. To wronged Othellos service. Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away May the wind blow till they have wakened death, archetypal criticism in othello In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. This way of proceeding had the effect of putting, and keeping, archetypal criticism on the margins of academic discourse and outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines and departments. Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. Iago replies: Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: / From this time forth I never will speak word. By Iagos exiting the stage, closing access to his motives, the focus remains firmly on Othello, not as Iagos victim, but as his own. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. To see you here before me. This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. If after every tempest come such calms, Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. My soul hath content so absolute The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. "), "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). He turns to Iago, who has been brought before him to know the reason for his actions. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. After Othello returns from war at sea with the Turks, his fortune begins a downward spiral. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. Archetypal criticism is a literary approach that analyzes works of literature based on the idea that there are universal, timeless patterns and themes that recur across all cultures and throughout history. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. In-text citation: Consider the implications of this idea. Farewell! Just another site. Desdemona finally, dramatically appears before the senate to support Othellos account of their courtship and to balance her obligation to her father and now to her husband based on the claims of love: My noble father, 1. When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). As mine own face. 2. Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. . A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. Othello sends Emilia outside to guard the door. He sees it, in itself almost irresistible, aided at every step by fortunate accidents and the innocent mistakes of its victims. Kibin. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. Comparing the amount written about the two plays, people find Hamlet more interesting to discuss. Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. Cinthios version of Iago is conventionally driven by jealousy of a superior and lust for his wife. He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. . One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. Othello, though, decides to kill her. Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. The storm that divides the Venetian fleet also disperses the Turkish threat and clears the way for the lovers happy reunion and peaceful enjoyment of their married state. Categories: Archetypal Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Myth Criticism, Psychoanalysis, Tags: Achetypes, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, Anatomy of Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Archetypal feminist criticism, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Archetypal Psychology, Archetypal Theory, Archetypal Theory and Criticism, Archetypal Theory Criticism, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, Evangelos Christou, Francis Fergusson, Frazer, Gilbert Durand, Henri Corbin, Hermes and His Children, Hillman, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, J. G. Frazer, J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough, James Hillman, Jessie Weston, Joseph Campbell, Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture., Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious, Jungian Approach to Literature, Leslie Fiedler, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Logos of the Soul, Maud Bodkin, Myth, Myth theory and crticism, New Polytheism, Northrop Frye, Philip Wheelwright, Psychoanalysis, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Richard Chase, Spring Journal, Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language. Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. 364-367). In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. The first systematic application of Jungs ideas to literature was made in 1934 by Maud Bodkin in Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: An attempt is here made to bring psychological analysis and reflection to bear upon the imaginative experience communicated by great poetry, and to examine those forms or patterns in which the universal forces of our nature there find objectification (vii). "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." That such a man should unravel so completely, ushered by jealousy and hatred into a bestial worldview that cancels any claims of human virtue and self-less devotion, shocks and horrifies. Othello, unlike the other Shakespearean comedies, adds three more acts to the romantic drama, shifting from comic affirmation to tragic negation. So much I challenge that I may profess This burgeoning theoretical movement and the generally unsatisfying nature of so much early Jungian literary criticism are both linked to the problematic nature of Jungs own writing on literature, which comprises a handful of essays: The Type Problem in Poetry, On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry, Psychology and Literature, Ulysses: A Monologue, and Is There a Freudian Type of Poetry? These essays reveal Jungs lack of awareness as a reader despite his sense that they may show how ideas that play a considerable role in my work can be applied to literary material (Collected 15:109^. Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. Emilia comes into the couples bedroom after Othello smothers Desdemona, but hears Desdemona cry out. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler, 20 vois., 1953-79), Letters (trans. Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. Carl Jungs Contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory. O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. And will upon the instant put thee tot. This preview is partially blurred. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. Where a malignant and a turband Turk Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. Categories: Drama Criticism, ELIZABEHAN POETRY AND PROSE, Literary Criticism, Literature, Tags: Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Bibliography Of William Shakespeares Othello, Character Study Of William Shakespeares Othello, Criticism Of William Shakespeares Othello, Drama Criticism, Essays Of William Shakespeares Othello, Notes Of William Shakespeares Othello, Othello, Othello Analysis, Othello Criticism, Othello Essay, Othello Feminism, Othello Notes, Othello Play, Othello PSychoanalysis, Othello Summary, Plot Of William Shakespeares Othello, Simple Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Study Guides Of William Shakespeares Othello, Summary Of William Shakespeares Othello, Synopsis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Themes Of William Shakespeares Othello, William Shakespeare, William Shakespeares Othello, Analysis of William Shakespeares Macbeth, Analysis of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Bibliography Of William Shakespeares Othello, Character Study Of William Shakespeares Othello, Criticism Of William Shakespeares Othello, Simple Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Study Guides Of William Shakespeares Othello, Synopsis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. Now art thou my lieutenant. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. To you, preferring you before her father, As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. 1: 67), of the archetypes, which he described as patterns of psychic energy originating in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and most normal manifestation in dreams (8:287). And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider.
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